Cumulative Effects of Nutrition Over Time

Cumulative Effects of Nutrition Over Time

1. Excesses for extended period

   intake of saturated fats leads to atheleroscerosis, obesity, hypertension, diabetes, gall bladder disease, some cancers

2. Deficiencies for extended period

   ↓iron (anemia),↓Thiamin (Berri-Berri), ↓Vit C (scurvy), ↓Ca & Vit D (osteomalacia),

   ↓Ca, Vit. D, Ph, Mg, Fl (osteoporosis), ↓Ca & Vit D (rickets), ↓Iodine (goiter)

Nutrient deficiencies

1. Primary: inadequate dietary intake

2. Secondary: causes other than dietary intake, ie. body not absorb it, cerebral palsy (not metabolize fat)

both primary & secondary result in malnutrition

Nutritional Assessment Tools

1. Nutritional assessment best way to determine deficiencies that can result from lack of

   nutrients

2. Anthropometric measurements

   a. height

   b. weight

   c. head, chest, & abdominal circumference (children)

   d. upper arm indication of skeletal muscle mass / fat / bone

   e. skinfold use calipers to measure fat & muscle

3. Clinical examination

   a. pallor, blue half circles beneath eyes possible deficiency of iron, copper, zinc, B₁₂, B_6, biotin

   b. edema deficiency of protein possible

   c. bumpy "gooseflesh" - deficiency in Vit. A

   d. lesions at corner of mouth, deficiency of riboflavin

   e. glossitis possible deficiency of folic acid, folate

   f. numerous "black & blue" spots & tiny pin-prick red hemorrhages under skin = low vit C

   g. emaciation-possible deficiency: Carbohydrates, proteins, and calories

   h. poorly shaped bones or teeth or (delayed appearance) deficiency in vit C scurvy

   I. slow blood clotting vit K deficiency (green leafy vegs. have vit K, with coumadin, avoid)

   j. unusual nervousness, dermatitis, diarrhea niacin deficiency

   k. tetany deficiency in Ca², K, and Na

   l. goiter deficiency in iodine