Sympathetic Nervous System

Response Positive Negative

vasoconstriction maintain BP & adequate bloodflow to

heart & brain

increased cardiac output maintain BP

decreased GI activity anorexia, gas pains,

constipation

Hormonal

Response Positive Negative

↑glucocorticoid secretion (adrenal cortex) ↑ blood volume K⁺ loss

Na⁺ retention (post surgery need KCL)

protein & fat catabolism ↑energy (amino acids available for healing) N⁺ loss = weight loss

urea & N⁺ excreted in urine

negative N⁺ balance

↑platelet production prevent bleeding through clotting possible thrombus formation

wear TED hose

↑ADH secretion (posterior pituitary) increased blood volume possible fluid overload

elderly susceptible (COPD)

EBL = estimated blood loss