Introduction to Respiratory Assessment

Introduction to Respiratory Assessment

Respiratory Assessment Outline:

normal respiratory function

factors affecting respiratory function

altered respiratory function

assessment

nursing diagnoses

implementation & evaluation

Normal Respiratory Function

diaghragm contracts & lowers - neg air pressure -air goes in

early sign of hypoxia – restlessness

hypoxemia – low oxygen in blood

Defense Mechanisms – upper respiratory tract (nose, mouth, sinus, pharynx)

warm & humidify air

filter foreign particles

sneezing helps to expel trapper material

epiglottis acts as a trap door to prevent aspiration

Defense Mechanisms – lower respiratory tract – million of ciliated cells sweep particles up and out of

lungs. there are mucous-producing glands

trachea

bronchi – R & L

bronchioles – alveoli – most oxygen & carbon dioxide exchange here

Most Important lung defense is a strong & effective cough

smoking coats cilia with tar, reduces effectiveness of cough

Normal Breathing Pattern

smooth, even, & regular

12-20 breaths / min in adult

control of breathing is both voluntary & involuntary

Factors Affecting Respiratory Functioning

level of health – renal disease, pH balance, heart problems

developmental considerations

medications

lifestyle

environment

psychological health

Developmental Considerations - newborn & infant

surfactant is produced late in gestation (lubricant) - lung tissue expand & contract, ↓surface tension

newborns breathe rapidly – 30-60 breaths /min

breathing pattern is irregular

Developmental Considerations – toddler & preschooler

breathing pattern evens out

breathe 20-30 times / minute

prone to put things in mouth

must protect against aspiration

Developmental Considerations – child & adolescent

rate slows to 12-20 breaths / min

many adolescents start smoking tobacco

as nurses we must educate them about the hazards of smoking